Is Ozempic more effective than insulin for losing weight
10.1016/0091-3057(94)90191-0 Pharmacol Biochem Behav
A 2025 review in Endocrinology describes how injected GLP-1-based medications reach concentrations far above the natural hormone and act principally on GLP-1 receptor neurons in those circumventricular organs, especially the area postrema, and in adjacent regions such as the nucleus tractus solitarius
In addition, GLP-1R is moderately in the lung, heart, kidney, blood vessels, pancreatic alpha cells, and peripheral nervous system, with no expression of GLP-1R in liver, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue (109112)
should not cover the drugs through Medicaid or Medicare
All use in men or postmenopausal women represents off-label prescribing based on Phase 2 data and clinical experience rather than FDA-approved indications